Archaeologists have discovered four 18th-century shipwrecks off the coast of North Carolina, including what may be the wreck of La Fortuna, a Spanish privateer from Cuba that exploded during an attack in 1748.
The wrecks were found near Brunswick Town, a major Colonial port on the southern coast of North Carolina. The town was the first successful European settlement of the Cape Fear region (named due to 16th-century sailors’ fears of getting shipwrecked), and the port was used to export pine products like tar and turpentine used by the Royal Navy. But archaeologists surveying the area had not expected to find such a large number of wrecks and colonial artifacts.
“Visibility [underwater] is consistently pretty low in the Cape Fear River,” Cory van Hees, a graduate student at East Carolina University (ECU), said in a statement. Van Hees got disoriented while diving and came across beams of wood sticking out of the mud. “I didn’t understand what I was looking at in that moment,” van Hees said, “but I knew I should relay the wooden structure to faculty.”
The project co-leaders, ECU maritime archaeologists Jason Raupp and Jeremy Borrelli, think one of the wrecks, which comprises 47 timbers, is La Fortuna. Historical records note that two Spanish ships anchored off Brunswick Town on Sept. 4, 1748. The Spanish began to raid the then-English town, but they were surprised by a counterattack from the colonists a couple of days later. During the attack, La Fortuna exploded and sank.
The project team found two major clues that the wreck is indeed La Fortuna: the timbers and the artifacts nearby, including Spanish pottery.
Some of the wood used in the ship’s construction was from a cypress species native to Central America. This suggests that shipbuilders used raw materials from a Spanish Caribbean colony to construct the ship, according to the statement, and La Fortuna is the only Spanish ship known to have sunk in this area.
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While recording the shipwrecks this summer, the team “found hundreds of artifacts,” Borrelli told Live Science in an email, including “ceramic sherds, glass container bottles, clay tobacco pipes, a cooper’s adze [cutting tool], barrel heads and staves, sailcloth, leather shoes, possible clothing fragments, and butchered animal bone.” In addition, two fragments of 18th-century Spanish-American ceramics are “another clue supporting the preliminary identification of La Fortuna,” Borrelli said.
The other three wrecks are still something of a mystery. All of them have construction details and artifacts that suggest they were used in the 1700s, Borrelli said, which means the wrecks are likely associated with the 50-year lifespan of the Colonial port at Brunswick Town. But coastal erosion has dramatically impacted the archaeological site, scattering the shipwrecks’ remains over a wide area, he said.
Raupp and Borrelli plan to continue their investigation into the wrecks.
“As we dig deeper and uncover more evidence, it may lead us in another direction,” Borrelli said. “It is highly improbable that any of the other shipwrecks found at Brunswick Town are Spanish vessels, but we can’t rule anything out at the moment.”
